Ars: časopis Ústavu Dejín Umenia Slovenskej Akadémie Vied (1977-1981(1977))

137

Xy^oîKecTBeHHO-ncTopHHecKHÔ xapairrep c|)M.iieHKn
peaecaHCHoro n óapOKKOBoro oKna

lípu oueHKe apxHTeKTypbi HMeeT nepBocTenennoe 3Hane-
iine no3Hanne Bcero KOMruieKca BonpocoB ot hhcto tcxhh-
aecKHx, TexH<wiornHecKnx, pewecjieHHbix ao H3o6pa3HTejib-
HblX, nOTOMy HTO OHH npOHHO CBÍI3aHbI APyr C APyrOM
H onpeAeJiHioT oKowaTejibHoe Bi>ipa>Kcnne npoH3Be.n.eHHft.
HacTbio BMpasæHHa apxírreKTypbi HBJiaeïCH h okho. Hauia
CTaTba, npaBfla, ne saHHMaeTCH FAaBHbiMH nepTaMH pa3-
bhtm oKHa, KaK aacTH apxHTeKTypHoft cncTeMbi. Ee ue.'ib
saKJiKBiaeTCfl b HccaeAOBaHHit pa3BHTHii cthasi (JmaeHKH
OKOHHoro npopesa, KOTopoe, KaK npaBHAO He hsxoahm
OTMeaeHbiM b npoH3BeAeHHSix, othocshuhxch k jiyquiHM
TBopeHMM peMecejI. HoTpeÓHOCTb B nO3H3HHH pa3BHTHH
OKHa C XyAOJKeCTBeHHO-HCTOpHHeCKOH TOHKH SpeHHH BO3-
HHKaeT jiHiub Tor.ua, KorAa BCTaeT Bonpoc o pecTaspauHH
apxHTeKTypHbix cTpoeHHÖ. Hama cTaTbst xohct AOÖaBHTb
K y»e HSBeCTHblM AaHHbIM KOHKpeTHbie npHMepbl H3 npaK-
THHeCKHX HTOrOB HCCAeAOBaHHH, KOTOpbie ÄOnOAHHIOT 06-
UIHH B3TAÍIA Ha HCTOPHteCKOe pa3BHTHe OKHa B CjIOBaKHH.
Ü3BeCTH0, HTO HCnOAb3OB3HHe OKOHHoro CTeKJla pacniH-
PHJIOCb B III—IV B. B. Harne« 3pbl. Ho 16 B6Ka BCT3BA5t-
AOCb TOJIbKO B 0KH3 KOpOJieBCKHX AOMOB H Ha oßbCKTaX
KyjibTOB, a T3K>Ke b pesHAenuMx BbicoKonocTaBJieHHbix
Jihii. B BpaTHCJiaße ysi<e b 1434 roAy mh naxoAHM yno-
MHHaHHe o tom, hto aom FopoACKoro namana HMeeT 3acTeK-
■neHHbie OKHa, xotíi 3naeM, hto, nanpHMep, apxnenHCKon-
ckhh ABopeu b OcTpnroMe eine b 1520 roAy HMeeT bmccto
CTeKAa nepraMeHT h TOHKyio TKanb. HeAbiö pa.i Apyrnx
OBHACTeAbCTB HHtjlOpMHpyeT Hac 0 TOM, 'ITO B XV b. y Hac
HaHHHaiOT ynOTpeÖAHTb AAH GROH CT6KA0 B ÓOAblHHX Mac-
mraßax.
B naMHTHHKax, ecTecTBeHHO, ne ynoMnnaeTCH o TexHHKe
sacTeKAeHHíi, npHKaenAeHHH h 'ixieiietiinr OKHa. O tom,
KaK coöcTBeHHo, BbirmHAHT OKHO y3HaeM npn H3yneHHH
KapTHHHoro MaTepnama. CpeAHeseKOBbie pncyHKH npn co3-
Ashhh KOHKpeTHoro apxHTeKTypHoro npocTopa, b kotophh
BKJHOHeHO H AeÖCTBHe, naCTO BKAIOHaiOT H npeAMCTbl H3
WenocpeACTBeHHOH jkhshh.
MhOFO pa3 3TH npeAMCTbl 6 bl SIH C03A3HBI C MaKCHMaAbHOH
nPeTeHIlH03HOCTbIO, B HHTepeCaX npHÓAHJKeHHH AeÖCTBH-
TejIbHOCTH K ßblTHIO, AæAaHHaH HAAIO3HSI npOCTOpa, npHTOM,
'JacTO co3AaBamacb 3a caeT B3rji«Aa nepes OTKpbiToe hjih
nOflyoTKpblTOe OKHO, Ha KOTOpOM ÖblAH BHAHbI H ACTajIH.
^pHMepoM moikct cayjKHTb neincKoe roTHnecKoe xyAOHiecT-
Bo «3ßecTOBaHne» (nocae 1460 r.), KOTopoe ceiiqac naxo-
ÄHtch b HapoAHoft raAAepee b Ilpare, npoHSBeAeHHst Hna
Ban 9hk3 «MaAonna KaHiuiepa PojiHHa» (1435 r.) h ucabih
psi.T Apyrnx npoH3BeAeHHH. Ha npoH3BeAeHHHX (jtaaMaHACKHX
MacTepoB bhahm OKHa npoHHo 3acTeKneHHbie, mk npaBHAO,
B BepxneH nacTH (Kpaconnoe npospannoe qeHeBHixeoópaa-
Boe sacTeMeHHe), npaneM hhjkhhh nacTb npeACTaBmaeT
co6oft AepeBHHHyio paMy h oTKpbiBaeTCst bo BHyTpb.

Ha TeppHTopuH Caob3khh b xoac HccAeAOBannii öbiao
onpeAeAeno, hto cnocoó sacTeKmeiiHH OKpyra OKHa c no-
Mombio TBepAoro H3ßecTKOBoro pacTBopa b Kocreae b
JlwnTOBCKOM Mnxajie nocaeAHeň Tpe™ Xlll-oro b., jihh-
3OBHAHoe 3acTeKaeHHe OKHa KOCTejia b JIhîitobckoh Cneji-
HHHe H3 Konna XV-oro b., a TaK H<e oAHiiaKOBO 6biao
3acTeKaeHO h okho noA ßamHeft AOMa cb. MapTHHa b Bpa-
THCjiaae, OTKpbiToe npn coBpeMennoft pecTaßpaiiHH.
Cnocoß sacTeKaenHH okoh npnMO ao KaMeHHOH paMH
c noMonibio H<eae3HOH nepeKaaAHHbi h cbhhhoboto coe-
AHHeHHH OTAeabHblX HaCTeÖ — JIHH3, KBaApaTOB, pOMÖOB,
npHMoyroabHHKOB n t. A-, c KaxcAbiM pa30M TeximnecKH
yaymnaacH. HocTeneiiHO BeaAe CTaao npHMenaTbca aacTeK-
jieHOBaHne okoh h b AepeBHHuyio paMy, npe>KAe Bcero
B ABH>KymHXCH HaCTHX. 3tOT CHOCOÖ MOJKeM HaHTH h na
KapTHHe Hua BepMeepa (1660 r.). TexHHKa sacTeKAHBaiiHa
okoh b 17 BeKe b AOKyMeHTax, ocHOBamibix na (JiaKTHMec-
kom MaTepnaae y Hac ne coxpamiaacb. Oah3ko sacTaBaaioT
oöpaTHTb na ceßn BHHMaHHe HaaiosuBiibie OKHa, KOTopae
noApaneaioT THny okoh c aeTaasiMH, xapaKTepubiMH Aast
npeAinecTByiomero opurHnaaa. Rona eAHHCTBenHoft Haxoa-
KOH IiaaiO3HBHOÖ HtHBOHHCH 3T0T0 THna XVII BCKa HBAH-
toTCH (JiparMeHTbi c uiecTHyroabHbiM sacTeKaenneM b CBHime
Ha KOKHOH H CCBCpHOH CTOpOHe CTCHe KypttH B BpÓH (oöa.
JlHHTOBCKoro MnKyaaiita). OKHa XVII BeKa (koctba cb.
CaabBaTopa, MonacTbipb ypmyanHOK, Kocren cb. MuKyaama
h Apyrne oß-beKTbi b BpaTHcaaße, ao ceroAHítmiiero ahh
COXpaHHAH ne TOAbKO THHHHHblfi TBepAblH KpeCT C HAaCTH-
necKHM npyTOM b aepeBBiiHoft paMe, a MecTaMH aa>Ke nacTii
>KeAe3H0H nepeKAaAHiibi nepBOHanaabHoro sacTeKAenna b
cBHHen,.
HcnoAbsoBaHHe THna oKita c TBepAoft AepeBsmuoH paMoö,
BAOJKeHHOH B OKOHHbIH Bbipe3 B CTCHe TaK, HTO C BHeHI-
iieň cTopoHbi npHMeHsteTcsi HHKa, BCTpenaeTCH c XVII ao
XVIII Bena, a MecTaMH BCTpenaeTCH h b nanaae XIX BeKa.
nepBOHaHaabnast (JjopMa OKita XVIII BeKa, KpoMe opn-
FHHaAOB, KOTOpbie OTKpblBaiOTCÍI B XOAe HCCaeAOBailHH,
b BpaTHCAaße coxpanHaacb b xyAosKecTBem-ioM ynpameimn
AyxoBi-ioft ceMHnapHH KOCTeaa KaapwceK (60-bie roAbi XVIII
BeKa) h na (JtacaAe AOMa «Y Aoöporo nacTbipa» na >Kn-
Aobckoh yaime 15. B sthx apxHTeKTypHbix naMHTHHKax
B StpKOH <J)OpMe npOHBASieTCil Tun AepeBHHHOH paMH OKOH,
cnocoß SaKpbTBaHHH, KOMÓHHaiJHH CTeKAa H CBHima, a T3K-
>Ke JKeae3Hoii kobkh c AcpeßOM.
HccAeAOBaHHit TaK nasbisaeMoro Aßoppa naa<])<fjM na
HpacKOBOö yai-me 12 b BpaTHcaaBe äsao bosmoskhoctb
HccaeAOBaTb opHrnnaAbi okoh b HecKOAbKtix CTpoHTeabHbix
tjiasax XVIII BeKa. Tun kobkh c pasaiwHbiM noBepxnocTHbiM
OtjtOpMAeHHeM H OpHäMCHTHblM OKOHMaHHCM (c ACHTOHHblM
OKOHHaHHeM, OKaHTOBKOH H naAbMCTOň) AaeT BO3MOSKHOCTB
óoaee tohho onpeAeaHTb BpeMst ero BO3HHKi-ioBeHHH. PeA-