Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 2,2): Zeus god of the dark sky (thunder and lightning): Appendixes and index (Cambridge, 1925)

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Appendix G

mental evidence is still sorely needed. Of scholars that in modern times have
devoted special attention to the Orphic theogonies (P. R. Schuster De veteris
Orphicae theogoniae indole atque origine Lipsiae 1869, O. Kern De Orphei Epi-
menidis Pherecydis theogoniis quaestiones criticae Berolini 1888, id. 'Theogoniae
Orphicae fragmenta nova' in Hermes 1888 xxiii. 481—488, F. Susemihl 'Die
Orphische theogonie' in the Jahrb. f. class. Philol. 1874 xx. 666—676, id. De
theogofiiae Orphicae forma antiquissima Gryphiswaldiae 1890, id. ' Zu den
orphischen Theogonien' in the Jahrb. f. class. Philol. 1890 xxxvi. 820—826, id.
Geschichte der griechischeii Litteratitr in der Alexandrinerzeit Leipzig 1891 i.
896, F. Lukas Die Grundbegriffe in den Kosmogonien der alien Volker Leipzig
1893, pp. 178—195, A. E. J. Holwerda 'De Theogonia Orphica' in Mnemosyne
N.S. 1894 xxii. 286—329, 361—385, W. Kroll ' De Orphicis addendum' in
Philologus 1894 liii. 561, P. Tannery ' Sur la premiere theogonie Orphique' in
the Archiv fiir Geschichte der Philosophic 1897 xi. 13—17, Rohde Psyche^ ii.
414—417, and others) none has done better service than O. Gruppe {Cult. Myth,
oriefit. Pel. i. 612—675, ' Berichtigung' in the Jahrb. f class. Philol. 1888 xxxiv
Anhang 1 f., ' Die rhapsodische Theogonie und ihre Bedeutung innerhalb der
orphischen Litteratur' ib. 1890 Suppl. xvii. 687—747, Gr. Myth. Pel. pp. 419—
423, 430—432, ' Alteste orphische Theogonie' in Roscher Lex. Myth. iii. 1120—
1124, 'Die Lehre von der periodischen Welterneuerung' ib. iii. 1139—1149,
Myth. Lit. 1908 p. 215 f.), whose views—with sundry modifications—are here
summarised.

(1) The earliest Orphic Theogony.

Quotations in authors of the classical age (cp. H. Diels Die Fragmente der
Vorsokratikerz Berlin 1912 ii. 167 ff. 'Altbezeugte Fragmente') postulate the
existence of an early Orphic theogony, to which even Homer, at least in the
Ato? cnraTr], was indebted (77. 14. 201 cp. Plat. Cratyl. 402 b—c ; II. 14. 246 cp.
Athenag. supplicatio pro Christianis 18 p. 20 Schwartz, Krates ap. Plout. de fac.
in orbe luu. 25, Orph. h. Okean. 83. 1 f., Hippol. ref. haeres. 5. 7 p. 148 Duncker
—Schneidewin, 8. 12 p. 424 ; but hardly //. 14. 259 ff. cp. Damaskios quaest. de
primis principiis 124 (i. 319, 8 ff. Ruelle)). The contents of the poem can be
partially reconstructed as follows :—In the beginning was Nyx (Aristot. met. 12.
6. 1071 b 26 f, 14. 4. 1091 b 4 ff., Eudemos of Rhodes ap. Damaskios loc. cit.,
Lyd. de mens. 2. 8 p. 26, 1 ff. Wiinsch). Black-winged Nyx laid a wind-egg, from
which in due time sprang gold-winged Eros (Aristoph. av. 695 ff.). Apparently
heaven and earth were regarded as the upper and lower halves of the vast egg
(so in the later theogony of Orph. frag. 57 Kern ap. Athenag. supplicatio pro
Christianis 18 p. 20 t. Schwartz, cp. Varro frag. 109 Funaioli ap. Prob. in Verg.
eel. 6. 31 p. 354 Lion). Ouranos (Aristot. met. 14. 4. 1091 b 5) and Ge (Lyd. de mens.
2. 8 p. 26, 2 f. Wiinsch) together produced as their offspring Okeanos and Tethys
(Plat. Tim. 40 e). Fair-flowing Okeanos took to wife Tethys, his sister by the
same mother, and so was the first to begin regular wedlock (Orph. frag. 15 Kern
ap. Plat. Cratyl. 402 b—c, cp. Aristot. met. 1. 3. 983 b 30 f). Their children were
Phorkys, Kronos, Rhea, and others (Plat. Tim. 40 e, Cic. Tim. 11). The sequel
can perhaps be surmised from the Aioy airaTX). Rhea took Hera to Okeanos and
Tethys, who brought up the child in their abode ; and Zeus thrust Kronos down
below the earth and the sea (//. 14. 200 ff.). Zeus used to visit Hera clandestinely
(//. 14. 294 ff.), repairing to Okeanos for the purpose (Orph. 7repi Aios ical "Upas
frag. 115 Kern ap. Eustath. in Dionys. per. 1). Not improbably the poem told
how, to grace this 'sacred marriage' (Dion Chrys. or. 36 p. 99 Reiske, Prokl. in
Plat. Tim. i. 49, 13 f. Diehl cp. ib. iii. 248, 5 ff.), Ge sent up golden apples