Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 2,2): Zeus god of the dark sky (thunder and lightning): Appendixes and index (Cambridge, 1925)

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Appendix J

= my fig. 919). Imhoof-Blumer and P. Gardner justly remark that 'On these
coins Amphiaraus is represented exactly in the guise of Asclepius, as a god
rather than as a hero.' B. I. Leonardos in the Upanr. dpx- er. 1887 p. 62 f.
reports the discovery in the Amphiareion at Oropos of a small statue, minus
head and extremities, ' TrapicrTav 8e /3e/3ai'a>s tov 'Apcpidpaov cos tov 'Ao-kA^7tioi/,
o-t-qpi^op-evov eVi pafibov irepl rjv eAi'crcrerat otpis,' and of a small relief representing
a similar Amphiaraos and Hygieia seated on a rock beside him (cp. 'E(p. 'Ap^.
1885 p. 102 no. 4, 3 = Corp. inscr. Gr. sept, i no. 311, 3, 'E(p. 'Apx- 1885 p. 106
no. 6, 3 = Corp. inscr. Gr. sept, i no. 372, 3, ib. i no. 412, 11), while above them
appears the head of Pan another partner in their cult (Paus. 1. 34. 3).

The hero's name offers a variety of problems. 'Apcpidpaos had a clipped form
"AfKpis (Herodian. rrepl naOcov frag. 104 (ii. 205, 16 ff. Lentz) ap. et. mag. p. 93,
50 ff. ==Zonar. lex. s.v. 'Apcpls, cp. et. mag. p. 159, 31, cites Aisch. frag. 412 Nauck2).
A possible doublet is "ApcpLos, brother of Adrastos and son of Merops the seer
of Perkote who foresaw the doom of his sons at Troy (II. 2. 830 ff., 11. 328 ff.) ;
and he in turn has been regarded (E. Bethe in Pauly—Wissowa Real-Enc.
i. 1949) as originally identical with "Aptpios, son of Selagos, who lived at Paisos
and was slain at Troy (//. 5. 612 ff., Tzetz. Horn. 89 f. N.B.: II. 2. 828 'Attcliltov
= 11. 5. 612 Haio-co). See further H. Usener in E. Bethe Thebanische Heldenlieder
Leipzig 1891 p. 65, id. Gotternamen Bonn 1896 p. 355, id. in the Sitzungsber. d.
kais. Akad. d. Wiss. in Wien Phil.-hist. Classe 1897 cxxxvii. 3. 40 ff. ( = id.
Kleine Schriften Leipzig—Berlin 1913 iv. 237 ff.), who holds that "Apcpios gave
rise, on the one hand to \Apcpicov (cp. et. mag. p. 92, 41 ff.), on the other to
'Ap.<pidpaos, 'Ap(pi.dpecos, ''Ap,(pidprjs. It may, however, be doubted whether Usener
has said the last word on the subject; for the etymology of the name ' Apcpidpaos
is still far from clear. F. G. Welcker Der epische Cyclus2 Bonn 1882 p. 322 takes
'Apcfiidpaos to mean 'der Beter' (apdopai). P. Kretschmer Die Griechischen
Vaseninschriften Giitersloh 1894 pp. 32, 123 argues that 'Apcpidprjos, for *'Ap(p-
idprjFos, was derived from iapevs (stem laprjF-) and meant dpxiepecos, but that
'Ap,<pidpaos was formed by popular etymologizing from dpdopai. A. Fick Die
Griechischen Personennamen9- Gottingen 1894 p. 438 f. connects with "Ap-qs :
' Dasselbe Element ist in dpabi-dprjos Zeus.' Similarly J. Rendel Harris Boanerges
Cambridge 1913 p. 225 suggests that at Argos Areios (Ap. Rhod. 1. 118, Orph.
Arg. 148, cp. Pherekyd./r^. 75 {Frag. hist. Gr. i. 90 Midler) ap. schol. Od. 11.
289) and Amphiaraos were twin-brothers. But all these views are risquees. At
most we can assert that there is a tendency (satirised in the person of 'Ap.(pldeos
by Aristoph. Ach. 46ff.) for divine and heroic names to begin with 'Apcpi-. Such
names need not point to the existence of twins (pace J. Rendel Harris op. cit.
p. 224 f.), but might on occasion refer to some twofold aspect of Zeus [supra
p. 445), who is e.g. dpcpidaXris, 'god of both parents,' in Aisch. cho. 394 f. xai
776t civ dp<pi6a\rjs \ Zevs eVt xeLPa fidXoi; (see a good note by T. G. Tucker
ad toe). Thus H. Usener in the Rhein. Mus. 1898 liii. 336 f. ( = id Kleine
Schriften iv. 266f.) regards 'ApcpiTpvcov {rpvco, Tpv-n-dv, k.t.A.) as 'der nach Osten
und Westen den Donnerkeil entsendende und damit durchbohrende Gewitter-
gott,' an ancient Sondergott (supra p. 13 n. 1) absorbed into the all-prevailing
personality of Zeus. I should myself put the matter somewhat differently. To
my thinking Amphitryon, like Amphiaraos, was a king who played the part of a
human Zeus and was named accordingly.