Tools & tillage: a journal on the history of the implements of cultivation and other agricultural processes (2.1972/1975)

50

DAVID V. CLARKE

padnoy Rossii (On husbandry in south-eastern
Russia). In: Russkiy Vestnik. 1873 v. 106.
Podwinska, Z.: Technika uprawy roli w Polsce
sredniowiecsznej (Technique of soil cultivation
in medieval Poland). Wroclaw. 1962.
Rikman, E.A.: Poseleniye pervykh stoletiy n. e.
Sobar v Moldavii (Settlement of the first cen-
turies B. C. Sobar in Moldavia). Sovetskaya Ark-
heologiya. 1970, No. 2.
Rozhkov, N.A.: Selskoye khoziaystvo> Moskovskoy
Rusi XVI v. (Husbandly in Russia in XVIth
cent.) Moscow, 1899.
Sach, Fr.: Radio a pluh na uzemi Ceskoslovenska
(Ard and plough in Czechoslovakia). In: Ve-
decke prace ustredi zemedelskeho muzea. Praha,
1961, Cz. 5.
Sach, Fr.: Soustava oradel stareho sveta a zara-
zeni naradi z uzemi Ceskolovenska. Praha, 1963.
Serzhputovsky, A.K.: Zemledelcheskiye orudiya
Belorusskogo Polesya (Agricultural tools of the
belorussian part of Polesye). In: Materialy po
etnografii Rossii. St. Petersburg, 1910, v. 1.
Smirnov, G. D.: K voprosu o pashennom zemledelii
v Moldavii v sviazi s nakhodkoy klada selskok-
hoziaystvennikh orudiy XIV v. (On tillage agri-
culture in Moldavia in connection with a find
of agricultural instruments of the XIVth cent.)
Tezisy dokladov i soobshcheniy na sedmoy
(kishinevskoy) sessii simpoziuma po agrarnoy
istorii Vostochnoy Yevropy. Kishinev, 1964.

Smith, R. E. F.: The origins of farming in Russia.
Paris, The Hague, 1959.
Stantchev, St.: Un monument de 1’agriculture Slave
a Plisca. Slavia Antiqua. Poznan, 1954, No. 4.
Starostin, P. N.: Pamiatniki imenkovskoy kultury
(Imenkovo culture sites). Svod arkheologiches-
kikh istochnikov. Moscow, 1967.
Stepanov, P. D.: K voprosu o zemledelii u drev-
ney mordvy (On the ancient Mordovian agri-
culture). Sovetskaya Etnografia, 1950, No. 3.
Stuckenberg, A.: Zemledelcheskiye orudiya drev-
nikh bolgar (Agricultural tools of the ancient
Volga Bulgarians). Uchonye zapiski kazanskogo
universiteta. Chast VI, VII, No. 12, Kazan,
1896.
Tretyakov, P.N.: Podsechnoye zemledeliye v Vo-
stochnoy Yevrope (Shifting agriculture in Eastern
Europe). In: Izvestiya gosudarstvennoy Akademii
istorii materialnoy kultury. 1932, v. XIV, No. 1.
Vozniknoveniye i razvitiye zemledeliya (The origin
and development of agriculture). Moscow, 1967.
Werth, E.: Grabstock, Hacke und Pflug. Ludwigs-
burg, 1954.
Zawadzki, T.: Plug kolesny w rolnictwie antycz-
nym (Wheel-plough in ancient agriculture). In:
Kwartalnik historii kultury materialnej. Warsza-
wa, 1954, No. 4.
Zelenin, Dm.: Russkaya sokha, yeyo istoriya i vidy
(Russian sokha, its history and types). Viatka,
1907.

A PLOUGH PEBBLE FROM COLSTOUN, SCOTLAND

Among the few non-ceramic finds from the
re-excavation of a pottery kiln site, conducted
by the writer for the National Museum of An-
tiquities of Scotland at Colstoun, near Had-
dington, East Lothian (Nat. Grid Ref. NT
519709) was a small, white quartz plough pebble
(fig. 1). The worn face measures 16 mm by
14 mm, and shows the characteristic striations.
It has a maximum thickness of 11 mm. This
is smaller than the majority of such pebbles in
the National Museum’s small collection, but it
is at present uncertain whether size is a signific-
ant factor in the choice of pebble. The stria-

tions on the worn face indicate that this
example derives from the sole of the plough
rather than the axle of a forecarriage.
Finds of such pebbles from Scotland have
recently been reviewed, but the evidence is slim
both as regards distribution and chronology.1
The pebble from Colstoun is the first such
find from East Lothian, but it only serves to
emphasise the preponderance in distribution
already established by finds in neighbouring
counties.2 However, it has some importance in
considerations of chronology. Only an outlying
example from Jarlshof, Shetland, has so far