Tools & tillage: a journal on the history of the implements of cultivation and other agricultural processes (2.1972/1975)

HOE-FARMING IN JAPAN

185

of Japanese ideas) Tokyo 1972 pp. 9-66 (an
extract).
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in: Tools and Tillage Vol. I: 2, 1969 pp 105-116.
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of Rice Cultivation Technology in Japan, in:
The Agricultural History Society, Annual Book
for Award 1969, pp 289-296.
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(Plough and Hoe in Japanese History) in: Jin-
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1971.
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Japans II, in: Archiv fur Volkerkunde, Wien,
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Tagoshirae-Feldbestellung und des Ta-ue-reis-
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N.B.R. = Nogu-Benri-Ron.
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Seikei-Zusetsu see Kagoshima.
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wigsburg 1954.

from page 192, in 1855, 8-10%; in 1871, about
90%. By 1920, iron ploughs had replaced all others,
except in relict areas and amongst small farmers.
Deeper autumn ploughing accompanied the intro-
duction of new plough types, and horses also gra-
dually replaced oxen as the main draught animals,
though as in parts of Scotland, cows could be found
in the plough into the 20th century.
The author completes his survey by discussing
ploughing techniques (which here aim at achieving
surface drainage since systematic underground tile
drainage is rare), the folklore, literature, sayings
and proverbs connected with ploughs, and the
part played by the plough as a symbol and as a
reflection of social and economic circumstances.
This is an important work for the study of
plough history in general. A translation or digest
of the major sections into one of the major inter-
national languages would be welcome.
Alexander Fenton.

Der Haken auf der Halbinsel Oman diirfte ein
alter Typ sein, wohl gleichzeitig mit dem Ackerbau
im 4. Jahrtausend v. Chr., denn er hat nichts ge-
mein mit dem Haken von Mesopotamien (Salonen),
von wo aus die Jamdat-Nasr-Kultur um 3000 v.
Chr. einen dominierenden Einfluss auf die Halb-
insel Oman auszuiiben began, aus deren Minen sie
einen Teil ihres grossen Kupferverbrauchs holte
(Frifelt 355).
Literature
Frifelt, Karen: Jamdat Nasr fund fra Oman, in:
Kuml 1970.
Glob, P. V.: Ard og Plov i Nordens Oldtid (sum-
mary: Ard and Plough in Prehistoric Scandina-
via). Aarhus 1951.
Lerche, Grith: The Radiocarbon-Dated Danish
Ploughing Implements, in: Tools and Tillage
Vol. I: 1, 1968.
Leser, Paul: Entstehung und Verbreitung des
Pfluges, Munster i.W. 1931 (photographic print:
Viborg 1971).
Salonen, Armas: Agricultura Mesopotamica. Ann.
Acad. Scient. Fennica, Tom 149, Helsinki 1968.
Vilkuna, Kustaa: Varskidor. Festskrift till Olav
Ahlback. Helsinki 1971.