DOI Artikel:
David, Johan: Spade cultivation in Flanders
DOI Seite / Zitierlink:https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.49002#0010
JOHAN DAVID
often laid between the first (upper) layer and
the second (e.g. De Backer 6).
When working two spades deep, the
farmer could dig out a wide trench (fig.
7.1a), till the bottom (fig. 7.1b), throw the
upper layer (fig. 7.1a1) on b, and so on. One
could throw a, b, a1 (fig. 7.2) on the side too,
b1 instead of b, a2 instead of a, and so on
(Encyclopedic agricole beige 1. 639). In this
case the two layers remained at their original
height. When people wished to exchange
them, then they applied the method of
fig. 7.3 : a and b were dug out, a1 came in the
place of b, b1 of a, and so on. (De Coster
27).
To till three spades deep, one could apply
the last two methods and dig the bottom (in-
dicated with crosses). There were other pos-
sibilities too. Fig. 8.1 (Knoop 223), 8.2
(Knoop 223), 8.3 (Knoop 221) and 8.4 (De
Coster 22) are self explanatory. With these
methods it was possible to change the place
of each layer or to mix two layers (for in-
stance 8.4 : ICKX 31). The bottom, i.e. a
fourth layer, could be tilled as above.
Besides those simple methods, there ex-
isted others, where a layer was not displaced
as a whole unit but divided in two; an exam-
ple can be seen in fig. 9.
Those systems needed very much time
(often more than one day per are (10 m X 10
m)). To till the ground deeply but in a faster
way, the Flemish farmer had other solu-
tions. He could plough beds and then dig out
one or two spade deep trenches between the
beds. Those trenches were shifted each year
so that the whole surface was tilled one or
two spades deep after 5-6 years (fig. 10.1.1-
1.3). This method seems to have been very
prevalent (e.g. De Laveleye a, 88; Lippens
21). It had the advantage that the under layer
was not brought above at once (Rose 202).
Another solution, called schupspaaien,
was the use of plough and spade at the same
Abb. 9. Tiefgehende Bodenbearbeitung: 4
Schichten: Rasenstiick (plag), grauer Sand (grijs
zand), brauner Sand (bruin zand), Urbarmachung
von Heide.
time, which must be distinguished from dig-
ging some months after ploughing (Monogr.
agri. 65; Voelcker & Jenkins 19; De Coster
7) and from ploughing after digging (Van
Iperen 65). In this case the plough turned the
first layer. Workers stood in the furrow and
dug the bottom. The number of diggers and
the distance between each was so determined
that the plough did not have to stop
(fig. 10.2). This method seems to have been
used in Ireland too (Irish Farmer 1.39).
often laid between the first (upper) layer and
the second (e.g. De Backer 6).
When working two spades deep, the
farmer could dig out a wide trench (fig.
7.1a), till the bottom (fig. 7.1b), throw the
upper layer (fig. 7.1a1) on b, and so on. One
could throw a, b, a1 (fig. 7.2) on the side too,
b1 instead of b, a2 instead of a, and so on
(Encyclopedic agricole beige 1. 639). In this
case the two layers remained at their original
height. When people wished to exchange
them, then they applied the method of
fig. 7.3 : a and b were dug out, a1 came in the
place of b, b1 of a, and so on. (De Coster
27).
To till three spades deep, one could apply
the last two methods and dig the bottom (in-
dicated with crosses). There were other pos-
sibilities too. Fig. 8.1 (Knoop 223), 8.2
(Knoop 223), 8.3 (Knoop 221) and 8.4 (De
Coster 22) are self explanatory. With these
methods it was possible to change the place
of each layer or to mix two layers (for in-
stance 8.4 : ICKX 31). The bottom, i.e. a
fourth layer, could be tilled as above.
Besides those simple methods, there ex-
isted others, where a layer was not displaced
as a whole unit but divided in two; an exam-
ple can be seen in fig. 9.
Those systems needed very much time
(often more than one day per are (10 m X 10
m)). To till the ground deeply but in a faster
way, the Flemish farmer had other solu-
tions. He could plough beds and then dig out
one or two spade deep trenches between the
beds. Those trenches were shifted each year
so that the whole surface was tilled one or
two spades deep after 5-6 years (fig. 10.1.1-
1.3). This method seems to have been very
prevalent (e.g. De Laveleye a, 88; Lippens
21). It had the advantage that the under layer
was not brought above at once (Rose 202).
Another solution, called schupspaaien,
was the use of plough and spade at the same
Abb. 9. Tiefgehende Bodenbearbeitung: 4
Schichten: Rasenstiick (plag), grauer Sand (grijs
zand), brauner Sand (bruin zand), Urbarmachung
von Heide.
time, which must be distinguished from dig-
ging some months after ploughing (Monogr.
agri. 65; Voelcker & Jenkins 19; De Coster
7) and from ploughing after digging (Van
Iperen 65). In this case the plough turned the
first layer. Workers stood in the furrow and
dug the bottom. The number of diggers and
the distance between each was so determined
that the plough did not have to stop
(fig. 10.2). This method seems to have been
used in Ireland too (Irish Farmer 1.39).