The illustrated exhibitor: a tribute to the world's industrial jubilee (London, 1851)

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THE ILLUSTRATED EXHIBITOR.

79

we as your two hands. You meet, also, groups of Dalekarhan peasant women, travelling homeward or townward,
in pursuitof work. They walk barefoot, carrying in their hands their shoes, which have high heels under the hollow

°f ^ Frc^uent'too8 fre^^vilkge churches, standing by the roadside each in its own little garden of Gethsemane.
In the parish register great events are doubtless recorded. Some old king was christened or buried in that church ;
and a lhtle sexton, with a rusty key, shows you the baptismal font, or the coffin. In the churchyard are a few flowers,
and much Len grass; and dlily the shadow of the church spire, with its long tapering finger counts the tombs,
representing a dial-plate of human life, on which the hours and minutes are the graves of me*. The stones are flat,

COLOSSAL LION, BY MILLEE, OF MUNICH.

and large, and low, and perhaps sunken, like the roofs of old houses. On some are armorial bearings; on others, only
the* initials of the poor tenants, with a date, as on the roofs of Dutch cottages. They all sleep with their heads to the
westward. Each held a lighted taper in his hand when he died, and in his coffin were placed his little heart-treasures,
and a piece of money for his last journey. Babes, that came lifeless into the world, were carried in the arms of gray-
haired old men to the only cradle they ever slept in; and in the shroud of the dead mother were laid the little
garments of the child that lived and died in her bosom. And over this scene the village pastor looks from his window
in the stillness of the midnight, and says in his heart, ' How quietly they rest, all the departed !'"

€\t <tat fefjikiiiim SJmfithrg,—no. hi.

BY CHARLES FOWLER, JUN.

There is perhaps no portion of tlio building, the strength of which, has been so much debated, and by many at first
considered insufficient, as the slender columns which form the only supports of the roof and galleries. "We are so
much, accustomed to see large massive piers used either for the real or apparent support of the upper portions of ordinary
buildings, that the mind requires some very positive proof in order to be convinced that a column only eight inches in
diameter, and hollow, can be safely depended upon to perform the important offices required of it in the Exhibition
Bunding. Architects and persons engaged in designing and erecting buildings are well aware of the fact, that it is
frequently necessary to encase the small supports of floors, or other portions of a building, so as to give an increased
appearance of strength,, in order to satisfy the eye of the ordinary observer, who would otherwise be alarmed by a
leeling oi insecurity ; it is not, therefore, at all surprising that, previous to the completion of the building, when the
i ot cxPer^nce was wanting, there were many who felt much anxiety on the subject of its security, especially the
strengtn ot the columns ; even some members of the technical professions expressed their misgivings, which, however,
have happily proved groundless,

^ Let us examine this important element of the building rather more closely, and we shall find that it is the most
simple m iorm, as well as the most perfectly adapted to its different purposes, of any of the constructive parts of the
building. Resides the obvious purpose of supports, the columns also serve as water-pipes, to carry down the rain
watei nomtlie root into the drains; while they are, therefore, necessarily hollow for the latter purpose, that form
appears to be also the best that could be given them in order, with the least quantity of material (and therefore at the

least cost), to make them efficient for the main purpose. Nature is ever the best teacher of
structural^ economy, and in this instance she furnishes striking examples of the superhuman
skill manifest in all her works. In the principal bones of animals, stalks of plants, &c, the
material is disposed in a cylindrical tube form, which is the strongest; for, if we compare a
AQllow cylinder with a solid one, containing in section the same quantity of material, we shall
nnd that the former is only crushed with four times the weight necessary to crush the solid
f7^Ter %at *s to say> ** *s ^our times as strong ; and it has been proved, by actual experiment,
that two ordinary goosequills, each one inch long, will support the almost incredible weight of
section oe column. 2 cwt, and that even two straws of the same length will not give way under a load of 281bs.,

a tact, that was probably unknown to the originators of the saying, " weak as a straw/'

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