DOI Page / Citation link:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.1033#0019
TOMBS OF HAWARA.
19
great sarcophagus of Horuta, with recesses for the
ushabtis on each side of it; the whole chamber having
been filled up with masonry, almost flush with the
side of the long chamber. On the south side of the
well is another chamber, which contained several
bodies, broken.
In the following descriptions of the positions of the
amulets the materials are marked by letters, to avoid
repetition. B, beryl ; C, carnelian ; D, diorite ;
F, green felspar ; G, gold ; H, haematite ; J, jasper ;
K, limestone: L, lazuli; N, black limestone ; O,
obsidian; P, pottery glazed ; S, silver; Y, yellow
limestone.
29. The sarcophagus of Horuta is of very hard,
tough, browny white limestone ; the lid is roughly
formed and hollowed away a few inches beneath, its
whole thickness being about two feet. On each side
of the sarcophagus a recess was built in the masonry
which surrounded it; these recesses, or boxes, were
about 3 feet long, 2 feet wide, and 18 inches deep.
In the southern recess were 203 ushabtis, all stand-
ing on end, arranged in 11 files and 18 ranks, the
backmost rank being of larger size than the others:
they slightly leaned back, facing north, to the sarco-
phagus. In the north recess were 196 similar
ushabtis, two being only broken halves, making 399
in all: these stood in 5 files and 11 ranks sideways
to the sarcophagus facing west, and a beginning of
9 files and 10 ranks facing south, but much confused
in their order. The placers had probably begun
from the back of the recess, and intended them all to
face to the sarcophagus, like those in the south recess ;
but becoming confused in the order, they had changed
it, and put the remainder in a fresh manner leaning
back on the east side. The lower part of the figures
was buried in a bed of sand, and over that the mortar
had run in during the building. They were thus so
firmly fixed that even with great care, several were
broken in extracting them. The water which had
risen and filled the tomb, had unfortunately dis-
coloured nearly all the figures, decomposing the blue-
green glaze to white. After soaking them in several
changes of water for many days, to extract the salt,
I then sorted them all according to workmanship,
and so determined that seventeen different styles
existed in this one lot. Probably these represent the
work of as many different men, as every figure is
entirely hand modelled, both features, tools and
inscription. If then the work had been given out to
many different workshops, the examples of each style
would be in round numbers; but if made all in a
single factory each man would work on until the
whole number was complete. The latter is the case,
for the numbers are,—large ones (different styles) 15 ;
finest 8; fine, curved lips, 29; fair, straight lips,
wiry tie to hoe, 18; good, prognathous, split tie to
hoe, 17 ; short, broad faces, fair, 13 ; same, poor, 14 ;
flat faces, fair, 45 ; square face, narrow hoe, 29 ; small
head, poor detail, 37; same, clumsy detail, 7 ; same
thrown back, 25 ; wide-top head, 49 ; flat face, brown
specks, ix ; poor work, olivy colour, 35; poorer,
smaller, 42 ; rough, 5. It therefore seems that these
were made by different workmen all in one factory.
The order has been for 400; one was lost before
burial, and several were injured by rough handling
then. The work of the finer ones is of the very best
class, and even the bad ones are better than the
average of such objects. Inside the sarcophagus
were three wooden coffins, one inside the other.
These were bedded firmly in sand, which covered
over them, and a layer of Chian turpentine was poured
over the whole before the stone lid was let down. In
the corners of the stone sarcophagus stood four
alabaster canopic jars, of which the inscriptions are
given in PL XXIV, 28 to 31. The jar 28 with the
human head of Amset and the speech of Isis was
south of the head; 29, with the ape head of Hapi,
and speech of Nebhat, was north of the head;
30, with the hawk head of Kebhsenuf, and speech of
Selk was north of the feet ; and 31, with the jackal
head of Tuatmautf, and speech of Neit was south of
the feet. The jars were bedded in the sand which
filled the sarcophagus, and were quite empty when
found, excepting sand and water; they were therefore
not actually used for parts of the body.
30. The first coffin was of soft wood a good deal
rotted. The next was of hard aromatic wood, the
essential oil of which had permeated the whole tomb
and given a characteristic smell to everything in it ;
the face is finely carved, and was removed, but there
was no carving elsewhere on it, or inscription. The
inner coffin was very thin and rotten. On the second
coffin were six tats, Isis and Horus in pottery, and a
rising sun, J ; there may have been a few others which
were lost down in the water during the work. The
mummy had a gilt face modelled on its outer wrap-
ping, with inlaid stone eyes, and a wig of sheet silver
gilt in alternate stripes; as this was covered with a
coat of pitch, it was not perceived at first, and became
broken up in the difficult work of extracting the lids.
Over the mummy lay a network of long and short
beads; these were in rows of lazuli, beryl, and silver-
C 2
19
great sarcophagus of Horuta, with recesses for the
ushabtis on each side of it; the whole chamber having
been filled up with masonry, almost flush with the
side of the long chamber. On the south side of the
well is another chamber, which contained several
bodies, broken.
In the following descriptions of the positions of the
amulets the materials are marked by letters, to avoid
repetition. B, beryl ; C, carnelian ; D, diorite ;
F, green felspar ; G, gold ; H, haematite ; J, jasper ;
K, limestone: L, lazuli; N, black limestone ; O,
obsidian; P, pottery glazed ; S, silver; Y, yellow
limestone.
29. The sarcophagus of Horuta is of very hard,
tough, browny white limestone ; the lid is roughly
formed and hollowed away a few inches beneath, its
whole thickness being about two feet. On each side
of the sarcophagus a recess was built in the masonry
which surrounded it; these recesses, or boxes, were
about 3 feet long, 2 feet wide, and 18 inches deep.
In the southern recess were 203 ushabtis, all stand-
ing on end, arranged in 11 files and 18 ranks, the
backmost rank being of larger size than the others:
they slightly leaned back, facing north, to the sarco-
phagus. In the north recess were 196 similar
ushabtis, two being only broken halves, making 399
in all: these stood in 5 files and 11 ranks sideways
to the sarcophagus facing west, and a beginning of
9 files and 10 ranks facing south, but much confused
in their order. The placers had probably begun
from the back of the recess, and intended them all to
face to the sarcophagus, like those in the south recess ;
but becoming confused in the order, they had changed
it, and put the remainder in a fresh manner leaning
back on the east side. The lower part of the figures
was buried in a bed of sand, and over that the mortar
had run in during the building. They were thus so
firmly fixed that even with great care, several were
broken in extracting them. The water which had
risen and filled the tomb, had unfortunately dis-
coloured nearly all the figures, decomposing the blue-
green glaze to white. After soaking them in several
changes of water for many days, to extract the salt,
I then sorted them all according to workmanship,
and so determined that seventeen different styles
existed in this one lot. Probably these represent the
work of as many different men, as every figure is
entirely hand modelled, both features, tools and
inscription. If then the work had been given out to
many different workshops, the examples of each style
would be in round numbers; but if made all in a
single factory each man would work on until the
whole number was complete. The latter is the case,
for the numbers are,—large ones (different styles) 15 ;
finest 8; fine, curved lips, 29; fair, straight lips,
wiry tie to hoe, 18; good, prognathous, split tie to
hoe, 17 ; short, broad faces, fair, 13 ; same, poor, 14 ;
flat faces, fair, 45 ; square face, narrow hoe, 29 ; small
head, poor detail, 37; same, clumsy detail, 7 ; same
thrown back, 25 ; wide-top head, 49 ; flat face, brown
specks, ix ; poor work, olivy colour, 35; poorer,
smaller, 42 ; rough, 5. It therefore seems that these
were made by different workmen all in one factory.
The order has been for 400; one was lost before
burial, and several were injured by rough handling
then. The work of the finer ones is of the very best
class, and even the bad ones are better than the
average of such objects. Inside the sarcophagus
were three wooden coffins, one inside the other.
These were bedded firmly in sand, which covered
over them, and a layer of Chian turpentine was poured
over the whole before the stone lid was let down. In
the corners of the stone sarcophagus stood four
alabaster canopic jars, of which the inscriptions are
given in PL XXIV, 28 to 31. The jar 28 with the
human head of Amset and the speech of Isis was
south of the head; 29, with the ape head of Hapi,
and speech of Nebhat, was north of the head;
30, with the hawk head of Kebhsenuf, and speech of
Selk was north of the feet ; and 31, with the jackal
head of Tuatmautf, and speech of Neit was south of
the feet. The jars were bedded in the sand which
filled the sarcophagus, and were quite empty when
found, excepting sand and water; they were therefore
not actually used for parts of the body.
30. The first coffin was of soft wood a good deal
rotted. The next was of hard aromatic wood, the
essential oil of which had permeated the whole tomb
and given a characteristic smell to everything in it ;
the face is finely carved, and was removed, but there
was no carving elsewhere on it, or inscription. The
inner coffin was very thin and rotten. On the second
coffin were six tats, Isis and Horus in pottery, and a
rising sun, J ; there may have been a few others which
were lost down in the water during the work. The
mummy had a gilt face modelled on its outer wrap-
ping, with inlaid stone eyes, and a wig of sheet silver
gilt in alternate stripes; as this was covered with a
coat of pitch, it was not perceived at first, and became
broken up in the difficult work of extracting the lids.
Over the mummy lay a network of long and short
beads; these were in rows of lazuli, beryl, and silver-
C 2