DOI Seite / Zitierlink:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.27907#0241
Transylvanians, Serbians, Wallachians, and Moldavians. Vassals from Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Egypt. Ottoman fleet, ships (galleys)
and mariners. Sultan’s guards and officials. Ottoman militaria and their artistic aspect. Production centres of arms and armour.
Lavishly decorated arms used by the Sułtan and high dignitaries. Systematic survey of Turkish arms and armour. Ottoman tents
and their typology, functions, and preserved specimens. Horse taił standards, the tughs. Ottoman banners and flags: typology,
functions, and preserved specimens. Military musie (The Mehter).
Chapter 11
TURKISH FOLK AND URBAN ART
Besides art in the service of religion, court. Sułtan, dignitaries, and army, there was art serving for large strata of Ottoman society,
for craftsmen, merchants, and peasants. In Istanbul, as well as in other large cities such as Bursa, Edirne, Konya, and Diyarbekir,
thousands of smali workshops were busy producing objects of artistic value. A natural place for which this art was produced was
the dwelling house. In Seljuk and Ottoman houses an older tradition of the nomadic tent was visible. Description of an early
nomadic tent (yurt). The old Ottoman house was divided into a selamlik for the men, and a harem for the women (the same
disposition as in ancient Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Houses). Set of roomsand character offurniture. Decoration ofthe house.
Late I 7th and 18th century summer villas (yali) of rich people, situated at the seaside. Rugs, kilims, and hangings as decorative
elements. Turkish folk embroidery. Printed fabrics and batik. The Turkish pottery, Iznik, Kiitahya, and other centres of ceramics.
Turkish glass. Arts in metal and goldsmithery. Karagoz, the folk theatre.
Chapter 12
TURKISH ART IN POLAND
Turkish art in various European countries, especially of the Balkans, which for a shorter or longer time were included in the
Ottoman Empire. A large area of the Polish Commonwealth occupied by the Turks for 27 years in the 17th century. From that
time temporary islamization of the cathedral in Kamienietz Podolski. Poland always rich in objects of T urkish art, coming mainly
from trade between Poland and the Ottoman Empire, very lively sińce the 15th century. There are also some diplómatic gifts from
the part of the Ottoman Porte, however, a numerous group of objects has a trophy origin, being items of booty from the
Turko-Polish wars in the I7th century. A very important collection of diplómatic letters, especially those ofSultans’ decorated
with magnificent monograms, tughras, are preserved in Polish archives in Warsaw and Cracow. They are valuable for historie
research but also for art history. In some letters there is information about enclosed gifts. As trophies of war, particularly from the
Relief of Vienna of September 12, 1683, the most important items are kept in Cracow (Wawel Cathedral and Castle, the
Czartoryski Collection of the National Museum, and some churches), at Częstochowa (Clara Mons Monastery of Paulites), and in
Warsaw (Wilanów Pałace, National Museum and Polish Army Museum). In Wawel Castle a rare collection of great banners (5
pieces) and an exceptional set of tents (5 entire and many separate pieces), in the Czartoryski Collection a magnificent collection of
arms and armour, saddles and caparisons, and also a ceremoniał tent, and personal mementos of Kara Mustapha should be
mentioned. Superb Turkish fabrics, at least partly originated from brocated caftans taken as booty, can be found in several Polish
churches as liturgical vestments, chasubles, capes, and dalmaticas. Of course, Turkish textiles normally imported from Bursa and
Istanbul were also applied for this purpose. Rugs, carpets, kilims, and hangings form the largest group of Turcica in Poland. They
were constantly, till 1939, brought to the country by trade in large quantities, forminga permanent decoration ofmanors and town
houses. Most popular were Anatolian rugs from Ushak, Ghiordes, Kula, Ladik, and other places. In some Ushak carpets Polish
coats of arms are woven, a proof that they were specially commissioned by nobles who sentthe heraldic emblems with the order. In
the 19th and 20th centuries Turkish items reached Poland as collectoris pieces. Apart from textiles, mainly from Bałkan Turkey,
sabres, yatagans, guns, and pistols were imported. The rise of oriental studies in Poland sińce late 18th century led to an interest in
Turkish manuscripts and miniatures acquired in the antique shops in Paris, Istanbul or Cairo, still surviving in some libraries and
museums in Warsaw and Cracow.
197
Translaled by Zdzisław Żygulski Jr.
and mariners. Sultan’s guards and officials. Ottoman militaria and their artistic aspect. Production centres of arms and armour.
Lavishly decorated arms used by the Sułtan and high dignitaries. Systematic survey of Turkish arms and armour. Ottoman tents
and their typology, functions, and preserved specimens. Horse taił standards, the tughs. Ottoman banners and flags: typology,
functions, and preserved specimens. Military musie (The Mehter).
Chapter 11
TURKISH FOLK AND URBAN ART
Besides art in the service of religion, court. Sułtan, dignitaries, and army, there was art serving for large strata of Ottoman society,
for craftsmen, merchants, and peasants. In Istanbul, as well as in other large cities such as Bursa, Edirne, Konya, and Diyarbekir,
thousands of smali workshops were busy producing objects of artistic value. A natural place for which this art was produced was
the dwelling house. In Seljuk and Ottoman houses an older tradition of the nomadic tent was visible. Description of an early
nomadic tent (yurt). The old Ottoman house was divided into a selamlik for the men, and a harem for the women (the same
disposition as in ancient Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Houses). Set of roomsand character offurniture. Decoration ofthe house.
Late I 7th and 18th century summer villas (yali) of rich people, situated at the seaside. Rugs, kilims, and hangings as decorative
elements. Turkish folk embroidery. Printed fabrics and batik. The Turkish pottery, Iznik, Kiitahya, and other centres of ceramics.
Turkish glass. Arts in metal and goldsmithery. Karagoz, the folk theatre.
Chapter 12
TURKISH ART IN POLAND
Turkish art in various European countries, especially of the Balkans, which for a shorter or longer time were included in the
Ottoman Empire. A large area of the Polish Commonwealth occupied by the Turks for 27 years in the 17th century. From that
time temporary islamization of the cathedral in Kamienietz Podolski. Poland always rich in objects of T urkish art, coming mainly
from trade between Poland and the Ottoman Empire, very lively sińce the 15th century. There are also some diplómatic gifts from
the part of the Ottoman Porte, however, a numerous group of objects has a trophy origin, being items of booty from the
Turko-Polish wars in the I7th century. A very important collection of diplómatic letters, especially those ofSultans’ decorated
with magnificent monograms, tughras, are preserved in Polish archives in Warsaw and Cracow. They are valuable for historie
research but also for art history. In some letters there is information about enclosed gifts. As trophies of war, particularly from the
Relief of Vienna of September 12, 1683, the most important items are kept in Cracow (Wawel Cathedral and Castle, the
Czartoryski Collection of the National Museum, and some churches), at Częstochowa (Clara Mons Monastery of Paulites), and in
Warsaw (Wilanów Pałace, National Museum and Polish Army Museum). In Wawel Castle a rare collection of great banners (5
pieces) and an exceptional set of tents (5 entire and many separate pieces), in the Czartoryski Collection a magnificent collection of
arms and armour, saddles and caparisons, and also a ceremoniał tent, and personal mementos of Kara Mustapha should be
mentioned. Superb Turkish fabrics, at least partly originated from brocated caftans taken as booty, can be found in several Polish
churches as liturgical vestments, chasubles, capes, and dalmaticas. Of course, Turkish textiles normally imported from Bursa and
Istanbul were also applied for this purpose. Rugs, carpets, kilims, and hangings form the largest group of Turcica in Poland. They
were constantly, till 1939, brought to the country by trade in large quantities, forminga permanent decoration ofmanors and town
houses. Most popular were Anatolian rugs from Ushak, Ghiordes, Kula, Ladik, and other places. In some Ushak carpets Polish
coats of arms are woven, a proof that they were specially commissioned by nobles who sentthe heraldic emblems with the order. In
the 19th and 20th centuries Turkish items reached Poland as collectoris pieces. Apart from textiles, mainly from Bałkan Turkey,
sabres, yatagans, guns, and pistols were imported. The rise of oriental studies in Poland sińce late 18th century led to an interest in
Turkish manuscripts and miniatures acquired in the antique shops in Paris, Istanbul or Cairo, still surviving in some libraries and
museums in Warsaw and Cracow.
197
Translaled by Zdzisław Żygulski Jr.