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https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.15265#0050
134 H. Mitteis, Lehnsrecht und Staatsgewalt, Weimar 1933, S. 202; ders., Der Staat des hohen
Mittelalters, Weimar 31948, S. 77.
135 P. Kehr, a. a. O. (Anm. 20).
136 P. Rassow, a. a. O. (Anm. 2).
137 H. Appelt, a. a. O. (Anm. 64).
138 Siehe aber schon einschränkend: P. Schmid, Der Begriff der kanonischen Wahl in den Anfän-
gen des Investiturstreites, Stuttgart 1926, S. 63, Anm. 197; E. fischer, Der Patriziat Heinrichs
III. und Heinrichs IV., Diss., Berlin 1908, S. 6; G. Schober, Das Wahldekret vom Jahre 1059,
Diss., Breslau 1914, S. 63f.
139 E. H. Kantorowicz, a. a. O. (Anm. 10), S. 58, Anm. 34.
140 H. G. Krause, a. a. O. (Anm. 36), S. 93.
141 G. post, Studies in Medieval Thought, Princeton 1964, S. 379. Vgl. auch neuerdings Wolf-
gang Stürner, ,Salvo debito honore et reverentia' - Der Königsparagraph im Papst-Wahlde-
kret von 1069, in: ZRG KA 59,1968, S. 1 - 56, besonders S. 8 - 20, wo insonderheit die Papias-
Stelle meine Auffassung erhärtet.
142 Vgl. z. B. P. E. Schramm, Sacerdotium und regnum im Austausch ihrer Vorrechte, in: Studi
Gregoriani 2, 1947, S. 402ff. und Kantorowicz, a. a. O. (Anm. 10), allenthalben (vgl. auch
Anm. 128).
143 Vgl. den westfränkischen Krönungsordo von 877: ,Coronet te Dominus
144 Vgl. Anm. 43.
145 Dazu vgl. H. Hoffmann, a. a. O. (Anm. 48), S. 78; ob allerdings nicht etwa die französischen
gloire-Vorstellungen im Zusammenhang mit den honor-Vorstellungen des Mittelalters zu
sehen sind, soll hier nur als Frage gestellt werden.
90
Frederick II, Emperor
Holy Roman emperor, German king, and king of Sicily, last of the great Hohenstau-
fen rulers, Frederick II was born on December 26,1194, in Jesi, in the March of Ancona,
Italy. He was the grandson of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and the son of Constance of
Sicily and Emperor Henry VI, who, at the time of his son's birth, was about to conquer Si-
cily.
At the end of 1196 the German princes elected Frederick king at Frankfurt. His father,
however, failed in his attempt to gain the princes' support to make Frederick's succession
hereditary. Just before embarking on a Crusade to the Holy Land, Emperor Henry died in
September 1197 after a brief illness, only 32 years old. Though the medieval Roman Em-
pire was at the height of its strength, the Emperor's death brought it close to dissolution.
After the death of her husband Empress Constance had young Frederick brought to
Sicily, where in May 1198 he was crowned king of Sicily. Before her death later that year,
Constance loosened the bonds that joined Sicily to the empire and to Germany by ap-
pointing Pope Innocent III her son's guardian as well as regent of the Kingdom of Sicily,
which was already under papal suzerainty. In Germany two rival kings were elected,
Frederick's uncle Philip of Swabia and Otto of Brunswick, as Otto IV.
Even the Pope, however, did not succeed in protecting Sicily from many years of an-
archy. German and papal captains, local barons, and Sicilian Saracens, as well as the ci-
ties of Genova and Pisa, fought for mastery of the country. The Situation was not stabili-
zed until the imperial chancellor conquered Palermo in November 1206 and governed in
Frederick's name. In December 1208 Frederick, then 14, was declared of age.
In 1209 he married the much older Constance of Aragon, who brought him an urgent-
ly needed troop of knights with whose help he gained control of Sicily, defeated a con-
spiracy of the barons, and was partially successful in regaining the crown properties that
had been lost during his minority. At this time his relations with the Pope began to show
signs of strain.
Frederick's Sicilian efforts were seriously endangered when at the end of 1210 Otto IV
invaded the realm on the mainland and in 1211 even threatened Sicily itself. Otto with-
drew, however, when in September 1211 a number of German princes deposed him and
elected Frederick king.
Year of triumph. Before leaving for Germany in March 1212, Frederick had his one-
year-old son Henry VII crowned king of Sicily and granted various privileges to the Holy
See. Having rapidly conquered south Germany, where he met almost no Opposition, Fre-
derick was elected once again king of Germany by a large majority of princes at Frank-
fort in December 1212, and crowned a few days later. In the same year he concluded an
alliance with France against Otto, who was decisively defeated at the Battie of Bouvines
in July 1214.
91
Mittelalters, Weimar 31948, S. 77.
135 P. Kehr, a. a. O. (Anm. 20).
136 P. Rassow, a. a. O. (Anm. 2).
137 H. Appelt, a. a. O. (Anm. 64).
138 Siehe aber schon einschränkend: P. Schmid, Der Begriff der kanonischen Wahl in den Anfän-
gen des Investiturstreites, Stuttgart 1926, S. 63, Anm. 197; E. fischer, Der Patriziat Heinrichs
III. und Heinrichs IV., Diss., Berlin 1908, S. 6; G. Schober, Das Wahldekret vom Jahre 1059,
Diss., Breslau 1914, S. 63f.
139 E. H. Kantorowicz, a. a. O. (Anm. 10), S. 58, Anm. 34.
140 H. G. Krause, a. a. O. (Anm. 36), S. 93.
141 G. post, Studies in Medieval Thought, Princeton 1964, S. 379. Vgl. auch neuerdings Wolf-
gang Stürner, ,Salvo debito honore et reverentia' - Der Königsparagraph im Papst-Wahlde-
kret von 1069, in: ZRG KA 59,1968, S. 1 - 56, besonders S. 8 - 20, wo insonderheit die Papias-
Stelle meine Auffassung erhärtet.
142 Vgl. z. B. P. E. Schramm, Sacerdotium und regnum im Austausch ihrer Vorrechte, in: Studi
Gregoriani 2, 1947, S. 402ff. und Kantorowicz, a. a. O. (Anm. 10), allenthalben (vgl. auch
Anm. 128).
143 Vgl. den westfränkischen Krönungsordo von 877: ,Coronet te Dominus
144 Vgl. Anm. 43.
145 Dazu vgl. H. Hoffmann, a. a. O. (Anm. 48), S. 78; ob allerdings nicht etwa die französischen
gloire-Vorstellungen im Zusammenhang mit den honor-Vorstellungen des Mittelalters zu
sehen sind, soll hier nur als Frage gestellt werden.
90
Frederick II, Emperor
Holy Roman emperor, German king, and king of Sicily, last of the great Hohenstau-
fen rulers, Frederick II was born on December 26,1194, in Jesi, in the March of Ancona,
Italy. He was the grandson of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and the son of Constance of
Sicily and Emperor Henry VI, who, at the time of his son's birth, was about to conquer Si-
cily.
At the end of 1196 the German princes elected Frederick king at Frankfurt. His father,
however, failed in his attempt to gain the princes' support to make Frederick's succession
hereditary. Just before embarking on a Crusade to the Holy Land, Emperor Henry died in
September 1197 after a brief illness, only 32 years old. Though the medieval Roman Em-
pire was at the height of its strength, the Emperor's death brought it close to dissolution.
After the death of her husband Empress Constance had young Frederick brought to
Sicily, where in May 1198 he was crowned king of Sicily. Before her death later that year,
Constance loosened the bonds that joined Sicily to the empire and to Germany by ap-
pointing Pope Innocent III her son's guardian as well as regent of the Kingdom of Sicily,
which was already under papal suzerainty. In Germany two rival kings were elected,
Frederick's uncle Philip of Swabia and Otto of Brunswick, as Otto IV.
Even the Pope, however, did not succeed in protecting Sicily from many years of an-
archy. German and papal captains, local barons, and Sicilian Saracens, as well as the ci-
ties of Genova and Pisa, fought for mastery of the country. The Situation was not stabili-
zed until the imperial chancellor conquered Palermo in November 1206 and governed in
Frederick's name. In December 1208 Frederick, then 14, was declared of age.
In 1209 he married the much older Constance of Aragon, who brought him an urgent-
ly needed troop of knights with whose help he gained control of Sicily, defeated a con-
spiracy of the barons, and was partially successful in regaining the crown properties that
had been lost during his minority. At this time his relations with the Pope began to show
signs of strain.
Frederick's Sicilian efforts were seriously endangered when at the end of 1210 Otto IV
invaded the realm on the mainland and in 1211 even threatened Sicily itself. Otto with-
drew, however, when in September 1211 a number of German princes deposed him and
elected Frederick king.
Year of triumph. Before leaving for Germany in March 1212, Frederick had his one-
year-old son Henry VII crowned king of Sicily and granted various privileges to the Holy
See. Having rapidly conquered south Germany, where he met almost no Opposition, Fre-
derick was elected once again king of Germany by a large majority of princes at Frank-
fort in December 1212, and crowned a few days later. In the same year he concluded an
alliance with France against Otto, who was decisively defeated at the Battie of Bouvines
in July 1214.
91