124

APPENDIX

now we apply the rule to other examples, we obtain .0264 for the
entasis of the Theseum, in which the difference from the actual
measurement amounts only to .0034 ; and .0471, and .0266 for
the larger and smaller orders of the Propyla?a respectively. The
actual entasis in these two cases is .0627 and .0354, both of which
dimensions are exactly one-third greater than the amount given by
the rule ; for * x .0471 =,0628 and -f .0266 = .0354 ; and these
somewhat greater developments of the entasis are quite in
accordance with the general character of the Propyla:a. I am
far, however, from supposing that the Greek architects made use
of any rules so complex as those given here and in Art. 19.
Indeed the solution of these formula?, although easy by means of
logarithms, would be quite out of the question without their aid.
They may nevertheless embody in their regular gradation the
results to which the Greek artists were led in following out con-
sistently, and during a long period, the principles which continually
advanced them nearer to perfection after each new trial.

That the ancients were led to the results which it has been my
object to illustrate by experiment in each case requiring adjust-
ment (rather than by a rule derived from optical theories) is clearly
stated by Philo, an author who dates about B.C. 200. (See
Schneider's Vitruvius, Tom. II. p. 426-427.)

" rwa <yap rwv Kara pipo<; iv avToZ<; virap^oi'Tcov l<roiraj(fi re
ovra teal 6p6d, e'So/eet fMjTE Icroiray?] pr\Tt opda elvat Sia to -tyev-
Seo-Bai Tt}v otyiv iirl to)v tolovtwv, prj to 'icrov e-^ovcrav aTToarrifia.
Sia to T)}<r irelpa^ ovv irpoo-TtdivT^ rot? oyxofi fcai d<fiaipovvTe<} teat
fxuoupa 7rotovvT€t KaX iraVTt Tpoivui 7T£Lpd^ovT£'i K.aTto'T'qo'av op.o\oya
ttj opdaei teal evpv$p,a <pawo/j.£va.

" For some things, although with reference to themselves they
are both parallel and straight, seem not to be parallel or straight;
on account of the deception of the eye respecting such things, as it
views them from unequal distances.

" Therefore by the method of trial, by adding to the substance
and reducing it, by curtailing, and by experiments in every possible
way, they (the ancients) made them regular to the eye, and to
appearance of good symmetry."

In the same place Schneider also quotes several other passages
from ancient writers confirmatory of the above, one of which
particularly instances the want of entasis in columns, and some other
appearances in architecture. A portion of one of these passages,
from a Treatise on the Principles of optics by Heliodorus Larissseus,
has been selected for the title-page of this work.

VII

ON A RECENTLY DISCOVERED FRAGMENT OF
THE TEMPLE OF JUPITER OLYMPIUS

The latest excavations at the Peribolus of the Temple of
Jupiter Olympius have brought to light a fragment which materially
assists in the restoration of the principal cornice, and which is at
the same time indicative of the unfinished condition of some parts
of the temple. It was found near the Propylon, and a little
within the Peribolus area. A plan and section of it are given on

Fig. 24.

the above woodcut It is a block of white marble upwards
of 9 feet long ; upon its upper surface are formed the stops of
the tiling. These have an average distance of about 2.25 feet
apart from centre to centre, from which we learn that there were
eight tiles to each columniation. The contour of the cymatium
is unworked, and the lion's head, for which the projecting block
was left, was not carved. The representation of this fragment is
drawn to the same scale as that of the suggested cornice in page
86 It will be found to agree with it almost exactly.

During the present year 1888, all the mediaeval and recent
erections in front of the Propylsea are being removed, and in the
course of this work, and during the month of May, some fragments
of an inscription relative to the construction of the Erechtheum
were found. The date of the inscription is supposed to be B.C. 407,
and it appears to belong to the same period as one already pub-
lished (see Corpus Inscr. Attic, i. 321). These inscriptions relate
to payments made to different artificers, a subject which has not
been treated of in this work; but there are a few points which
may be selected as having a direct bearing on matters which have
been discussed. The whole of these late discoveries are published
in the Athenian AeXrCov 'Ap^atoKoyi/eov, from which the following
extracts are taken :—

epyacr
las to 7rpo? eo a[t€To] apyvpio tce<p[a]\at,ov
PAATI-r-H- • eiTi To[p. irp]o<i to HavhpoatLo
aterov Kopv<fia[io. k.t.X.'
In this we find clear reference to the two pediments of the main
roof, the western being described as that towards (or next to) the
Pandroseum, confirming the view derived from other sources that
the Pandroseum was outside the temple and to the west of it.
Another entry—

" tca0ep.epav tcavova 8tapp\y0fua-avTi
Svoiv Hep,epaiv,''
seems to have been that of a charge by daywork for polishing the
canon which was used for the fine jointing of the stones, as men-
tioned in note 6, page 25,