Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean (16.2004(2005))

MtoM - ZUMA

SUDAN


Investigations carried out in the citadel of
Old Dongola unearthed fortifications that
proved to be no earlier than the late 5 th
century. Coupled with the work in the
extensive cemeteries of Ghaddar, which
revealed numerous tumuli from the 5 th-
6th centuries, belonging to a population
of rather average affluence, situated

around two allegedly royal rock-cut tombs
of the first half of the 6th century, the
Dongola evidence left little doubt that
Tunqula, under which designation the
capital of Makuria was then known, had
not been founded before the first' half of
the 6th century. Having established this
hypothesis, it became only natural to


Fig. 1. Map of the Dongola Reach between the Third and Fourth Cataracts
(Drawing M. Puszkarski)

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